提高人类效力

Besides research, COP will provide continuing education and seminars on research topics, and also serve as a repository and clearinghouse for related data.

根据设计，Toavs指出，运营公司的人数超过了COP成员的供应商。他解释说，尽管成员的选票平等，但希望运营公司将以对业务影响最大的方向推动研究。他指出：“最终用户最终是整体项目进展顺利的专家。”

Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, provides the umbrella under which the center operates. Dayton-based Belville Engineering Inc. (www.belville.com）提供人类因素工程资源。当前参与的自动化供应商包括ABB和Emerson，而生产公司由BP，Marathon Pipeline LLC，Flint Hills Resources LP，Suncor Energy Inc.和Nova Chemicals Corp.组成。

Decision making

The center’s first research project involves adapting military combat-decision-making exercises (DMXs) to improve decision-making capabilities for refinery and pipeline operators. Project completion is forecast for December, with a report to the companies in Jan. 2008, says David Strobhar, Belville Engineering’s chief human-factors engineer and the bridge between Wright State and industrial partners. He notes DMXs were developed by retired Maj. John Schmitt, U.S. Marine Corps, who authored “Mastering Tactics: A Tactical Decision Games Workbook,” published in 1994.

Retirement-related personnel attrition facing companies motivates the project, Strobhar explains. “Companies needed something to train operators faster.” Marathon Pipeline and Flint Hills volunteered personnel from two refineries and a pipeline operation. And Klein Associates Inc. (www.decisionmaking.com), Fairborn, Ohio, which heads the study, identified 13 expert characteristics to test with those companies’ personnel.

Some surprises have already materialized from the study. Operators at a refining unit considered most difficult in the plant had the fewest number of the expert characteristics, only eight, for example. The refinery owner says that’s because the unit has advanced controls, while the other unit doesn’t. Finding no correlation between operator age and experience was another surprise, he says. “This finding caused a shift to solutions, rather than expanding the study to other units.”

Yet another surprise surfaced when an expert operator talked about applying simulation to reality. “One pipeline operator said she knows she’ll see a leak in the high-fidelity simulator, but doesn’t know that when sitting in front of a [a real operator] console,” Strobhar recalls. In the simulator, she treated ambiguous data as a leak, but in front of the console, she said she was unsure what to do with such data, he elaborates.

This revelation showed “simulator training is good for shutting down processes,” Strobhar concludes, but “some decision-making is not as well supported.” Recognizing that fact increased plant-level operational awareness, he says. Regarding what the project has confirmed thus far, he believes “the impact of advanced control has the potential of lowering needed expertise. That’s something the refinery had suspected.”

该中心计划了一个项目，将于今年秋天的早期检测开始。第一个目标是定义研究机会。Strobhar解释说：“从那里开始，会员资格将决定如何更全面地开发该项目。”

Both projects fit Emerson’s view that overall performance of operations directly relates to plant operators’ effectiveness. But there’s a key question to be answered, Toavs suggests: “What influences the effectiveness of these plant personnel?” Fortunately, the COP’s on the case.

C. Kenna Amos,ckamosjr@earthlink.net，是自动化世界的贡献编辑。
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