制造业和加工行业继续面对不断增长的技能差距是毫无疑问的。deloite.predicts that 4.6 million manufacturing jobs will be created over the next decade and as many as 2.4 million of those positions are likely to remain unfilled. This challenge is exacerbated by the rapid pace of technological change.
制造业的公平工作不仅是由于缺乏数量意义的劳动力。即使在可用的时候,新工人也越来越需要拥有与过去所需的能力不同。以前,熟练的制造员工需要了解应用程序或特定于机器的过程。今天,资格变得更加复杂。
“Once upon a time, workers had tribal knowledge. They knew individual machines, programmable logic controller (PLC) design and programming, sensors, wiring, and so on. It was a very specific skillset that centered around particular elements of a process or machine,” says Ben Orchard, senior application engineer atOpto 22。“想想装瓶厂。这是非常高的速度,如果出现问题,那么有很多破损和大量的停机时间。结果,一切都已完成,以保留该机器或流程运行。围绕生产的确切方面,工人的技能将非常微调。“
此外,这些机器和过程主要在专有系统上运行。当提取数据时,它的自然是基本的,只占用局部人机界面(HMI)的显示,提供了在该机器或线路中有洞察的操作和维护人员。相比之下,数据现在广泛地从一系列资产中提取,并且必须以这样的方式格式化,即它可以被发送到有时外部系统,并有效地与其他数据集集成。
“客户现在希望他们所带来的所有数据... [哪个]销售工程联合主任Travis Cox说归纳自动化。“协议和架构已经完全从往返中完全改变。我们现在必须利用来自IT空间的许多新技术,例如MQTT(消息排队遥测运输),SQL数据库和API(应用程序编程接口)。我们需要比过去更全面的技能组。工人必须不仅能够建立一个系统的操作,还可以弄清楚如何与其他一切集成。“
IT技能
数字转型所需的大多数先进技能都属于它。因此,进入制造业的更多工人将被要求在数学或计算机科学等主题中举行四年大学学位。幸运的是,没有缺乏可用的大学毕业生这些程度。然而,很难找到想要在制造业中应用自己技能的候选人。
这是两倍的原因。一方面,普遍缺乏对年轻人的制造业的热情,使其不太可能成为职业生涯的首选。此外,即使使用的核心方法是相同的,在实时制造环境中应用数据分析,编程和软件技能也会显着不同于在其他领域的不同。
“我经常使用的比较是要注意的是YouTube缓冲区。如果有人正在观看视频,网络可以下降几秒钟,视频不会停止。果园说,制造过程上的网络中断对网络中断的几秒钟可能导致碰撞,或整个工厂停下来。““没有设备的实践知识,它不明白,现在开始泵之间并在10秒后启动同一泵之间存在显着差异。”
此外,数据分析师和程序员可能难以确定由机器产生的哪些数据是相关的,如果他们不了解各个过程和设备的操作。虽然大学课程可以教授学生如何将数据输入到SQL数据库中,但它无法教导它们选择哪些数据。在一天结束时,只有具体的,实践经验可以真正足够妥善教育员工。
“Having hands-on experiences, being in the environment, learning the lingo, and understanding how people solve problems within a given field is simply something that can’t be taught in a classroom,” says Terry Orchard, a recent college graduate who now holds the role of technical marketing specialist at Opto 22.
OT skillsets
Given these realities, more and more industrial companies are realizing they need to pursue operations technology (OT) training and education initiatives with the same fervor as they pursue those for IT.
需要维护OT知识不仅要帮助IT人员更有效地利用数据,还要确保维护等日常运营可以继续进行传统资产。这对于从事增量自动化更新而不是批发更换资产的公司尤为重要,因为它们需要为旧设备提供服务。
据Cox介绍,迫在眉睫的OT技能差距实际上是比IT技能差距更严厉的问题,因为许多方式,因为真正缺乏申请人,而且对这个问题的关注较少。随着许多婴儿潮一代接近退休,可能导致未来的商业中断大幅度。
“A lot of the people who really understand the OT side of the fence are retiring. If companies don’t address that now, they could have a real problem trying to do so later. The new folks that are coming in, while they might understand IT and newer technologies, are still going to need to design solutions that work for the operations folks, and we’re still going to have to be able to keep that OT equipment running,” Cox says. “Companies that are investing in new technologies also need a plan to get the old stuff into a newer framework. Otherwise, they’re going to have a huge gap later on where, if something breaks, they’re not going to be able to fix it. If these companies don’t pay attention now, they’re going to get to a place where they have a lot of downtime and have to spend a lot of money.”
通道前进
而最终的数字转换about bridging the IT/OT divide, there are still distinctive training issues to be solved in each space. Regarding IT, there are plentiful college graduates available, but more needs to be done to prepare them to apply their skillsets to a manufacturing environment. On the OT front, there is the overall lack of available talent that Cox mentioned, on top of the difficulty involved in capturing legacy knowledge as older workers retire.
为了解决制造业的IT技能差距,需要促进更多的实习和学徒风格的学习作为对课堂教育的恭维。据本和特里果园介绍,这将需要文化变革以及机构转变,因为许多当前学习IT相关领域的大学生,不要看到制造业作为理想的职业道路。
还应鼓励学生追求独立的学习和方程,使他们定位在制造业行业。随着开放源社区和诸如GitHub等网上平台的增长,对于追求与IT相关的职业生涯来说,追求其简历与本性的课外工作,它变得普遍。由于制造业所需的技能因特定行业部门而异,因此旨在进入,因此行业的这一方面可以由制造商销售到学生,作为为学生提供具有竞争优势的手段。
Bridging the OT skills gap will require a slightly different approach. According to Amanda Beaton, program manager for U.S. Cooperates with Education, an outreach program created by西门子,必须从头开始创建更多的职业教育计划。为此,Beaton推荐公私合作伙伴关系,其中当地和州政府提供赠款资金和私人公司捐赠了学生培训的设备。以这种方式制定培训计划,确保金融负担在所有利益攸关方中分发了很好,并且学生们与他们将在该领域正在努力工作的设备的实践了解。事实上,Beaton表示,她从未见过一项职业教育计划成功,没有从学术机构,政府和私营部门的投入制定。
Most importantly, because the lack of available talent is more severe in the OT domain, companies must begin by generating more enthusiasm, not only at the post-secondary, but also at the primary and secondary levels.
“一旦你进入后次级或大学级别,你几乎很迟到了。第一件事是对中高中学生灌输兴奋和煽动兴趣,以获得这些中间技能和技术贸易,“巴黎顿说。“作为一个国家,美国占据了四年度的价值,我们创造了一个重要的技能差距。我们不仅必须在学生中灌输兴奋,也是[涉及]可能不会设想他们的孩子进入熟练贸易的父母。在这种看法问题上有很多工作要做。“